Introduction

1Digital music editions can be created using the format of the Music Encoding Initiative (MEI), which “share[s] many common characteristics and development practices”¹ with TEI, especially those for digital editions². For MEI, rendering of XML code as symbolic music notation is essential during the edition process. Typically, projects using MEI³ create their own (web) applications where MEI is rendered. Those are mainly designed as presentation platforms and might not be very suitable as production tools, although some project-specific functionalities can be tested in these environments. The tool mei‑friend is designed for usage during the process of creating an edition, more precisely for preparing basic musical text only as no editorial-specific markup is currently possible. Music notation other than Common Western Notation might be displayed if supported by the rendering engine⁴. However, no editing functionalities for working with them are available.

2Mei‑friend is distributed as a free package⁵ for the Atom text editor⁶. It has been developed by Werner Goebl and David Weigl in order to meet the needs of the project TROMPA⁷ and was generously shared with the MEI community⁸. The author was able to integrate the tool into his daily routine of MEI encoding very well, turning it into a more convenient and efficient process⁹.

3For this review, the following hardware/software was used: Microsoft Windows 10 Pro N, Version 21H2 (64 bit), Atom v1.58.0 x64, mei‑friend v0.6.0, running on Dell Latitude 7480 (CPU Intel Core i5-6300U, RAM 8 GB). Additionally, the installation process and basic functionalities were checked on Ubuntu 21.04 with the same Atom and package versions, running on HP ProBook 440 G4 (CPU Intel Core i5-7200U, RAM 8 GB).

Methodology

4Since MEI was introduced, a number of tools¹⁰ have been developed which try to address the problem of MEI rendering in the first place as currently no notation software like Sibelius, Finale or MuseScore supports MEI natively. A few of the earliest initiatives include Verovio MEI viewer¹¹ and MEISE¹² (web-based), which can display and navigate MEI. An oXygen add-on¹³ enables rendering of MEI right in the editor, but it currently seems to work for macOS only. Further on, the Verovio-Humdrum-Viewer¹⁴ (VHV) and Verovio Editor¹⁵ (web-based) offer functionalities for graphical editing of MEI. The former offers a relatively large amount of editing operations; however, internally VHV works with the format kern. This leads to some conversion inconsistencies when importing/exporting MEI files. The Verovio Editor processes MEI natively but only a few editing operations are currently implemented. In addition, some of the tools mentioned above offer other functionalities such as creating PDF and MIDI files, advanced rendering options, etc. The predecessor of mei‑friend is a (legacy) Atom package – mei‑tools‑atom¹⁶. Although, this package offers hardly any functionalities beyond a basic display, it certainly provides a good base for further development.

5None of the tools mentioned above (including mei‑friend) cannot be considered as a full-fledged editor. Therefore, a typical data acquisition method in the MEI community includes conversion from data formats originally gained by manual typesetting with a notation software mentioned above or using Optical Music Recognition. Usually, manual post-processing is needed, and this is the gap that mei‑friend aims to fill.

6One of the advantages that mei‑friend offers is the user friendly rendering. In my other workflow, I use a local editor for code editing and a web-based application for rendering. This setup requires several steps to display the results. This is time and energy consuming when performed repetitively and might cause errors; for instance, because of file cashing in the browser. Mei‑friend updates the rendered notation immediately after the code has been changed. This may happen as one types in Atom (default) or after saving the file in an external editor. An additional advantage is that the page remains the same after re-rendering (in some other web applications I used, the displayed page flips to the first page of the score).

7 As mentioned above, the conversion to MEI from other formats is currently not lossless and a broad variety of issues can occur. Some of them can be fixed by using the editing functionalities of mei‑friend. Especially useful are those for inserting the ControlEvents¹⁷ (e. g. <dynam>, <slur>, <arpeggio>) as these elements establish references to Events (<note>,<chord>) by pointing to their @xml:ids. Collecting these @xml:ids manually can be a tedious and error-prone task, especially if you work with a large score like a symphony. The approach used by mei‑friend is intuitive and fast: Select the Events by clicking them in the notation window (cf. figure 1) and press a shortcut that triggers a code editing function. For instance, the shortcut ‘s’ inserts the following MEI element into its correct position in the XML hierarchy:

<slur xml:id="slur-0000000025523666" startid="#some-note-id1" endid="#some-note- id2"/>

Code Example 1: An inserted <slur> after applying the shortcut ‘s’.

8Currently, mei‑friend enables inserting a subset of ControlEvents and the layer-level-element <beam>; respectively, deletion works for these elements only. The elements are inserted with a pre-defined (minimal) set of attributes and dynamically created @xml:ids. Placement attributes can be manipulated, but other attributes have to be entered manually.

9Finally, mei‑friend provides a few utilities for code refactoring operations as renumbering of measures, correction of accidentals and the utility called “regenerate encoding through Verovio”. The latter adds @xml:ids where missing but should be applied with special care as some undesired code changes may occur (cf. the issue on GitHub).

Implementation

10“[M]ei‑friend is written in JavaScript using the Atom package framework” (Goebl, Weigl 2021, 6). It has very little dependencies which are managed using the node package manager: jQuery and Verovio. In addition, the Atom package language‑mei is required. Using Verovio’s JavaScript toolkit, MEI is rendered to SVG and embedded into a “repositionable pane within the Atom application window” (Goebl, Weigl 2021, 6) as it would be in a browser. Likewise, some other functionalities such as page breaks, zoom etc. are based on the respective Verovio functions.

11The tool accepts files with ‘xml’ and ‘mei’ extensions and UTF-8 encoding. No validation is performed natively, but dedicated XML packages may be used. Some encoding‑related warnings and errors raised by Verovio and actions on the GUI are tracked in the console of the developer tools¹⁸. For erroneous data, depending on the error, rendered notation is displayed up to the point where the error occurs or is not displayed at all.

12The performance on small¹⁹ and middle-sized²⁰ files is high using the default settings. However, “[l]arge²¹ MEI encodings (of about 25,000 lines and more) cause performance issues[…]”²² including disabled XML‑syntax highlighting. Two possibilities to handle this are provided: 1) Manual updates of the rendered notation and 2) usage of the speed mode. The last is an innovation which significantly improves performance on large files²³. Currently, a few limitations²⁴ and downsides²⁵ have to be expected.

Usability, sustainability and maintainability

13The package can be installed using GUI or from CLI²⁶. The dependencies are handled by the installation process itself; a prompt appears for installation of the Atom package language‑mei. The installation procedure is well described in the Atom package registry²⁷, which I consider to be a main documentation page.

14The documentation provides an overview of the tool and its functionalities; an animated screenshot²⁸ illustrates the concepts described. Example MEI files are provided as direct download and as a link to a GitHub repository with musical works published by TROMPA. Additionally, a few MEI files can be found locally in the installation folder of the package.

15No special tool support is provided, but issues can be posted on GitHub and are reviewed in a reasonable time. In addition, the developers are active members of the MEI community and can be reached through its common communication channels²⁹.

16The learning curve based on my experience and those of our project’s chief lecturer is rather moderate. No specialized programming skills are required. However, it is advantageous to have basic knowledge of how to work with text editors, in particular with Atom, and, of course with MEI itself. It may take some time to familiarize yourself with the keybindings and to memorize them.

17Mei‑friend can be used on all platforms³⁰ where Atom can be installed. However, a small bias towards macOS is present: The icons for the keybindings are macOS‑style also on Windows and Ubuntu, and not every keybinding works on these platforms³¹.

18As mei‑friend is an Atom package, the user benefits from other Atom functionalities and features such as a built-in search utility, Git and GitHub integration, other related packages, etc. In addition, Atom interoperates well with other editors. For instance, it is possible to edit the same MEI in oXygen XML editor and view the changes in the rendering pane of mei‑friend immediately after the file has been saved.

19Package development takes place on a public GitHub repository³². A README file contains documentation (same content as on the Atom package page) as well as acknowledgments to the project contributors and predecessors; the (MIT) license is linked here. No CITATION.cff³³ file or citation guidelines are provided.

20The developers of mei‑friend informed me that the tool is currently being redeveloped and extended as a web-browser application in the context of the project Signature Sound Vienna (development takes place on another GitHub repository which is currently private). Several general improvements are planned: automatic page flipping, a wider range of rendering options (based on Verovio), GitHub integration, etc. In addition, functionalities that are specific for digital editions (such as editorial markup) might be added.

21Most likely the development of a web-based version of mei‑friend will be priority and the Atom package will not be actively maintained. For users who still prefer to use the Atom package (due to the interoperability with other local editors, for example), it is important to keep the MEI rendering engine Verovio up to date. Currently, this can be done in several ways: 1) by running updates pushed by the developers, 2) by reinstalling the package 3) or by running an npm update command from the package installation folder.

User interaction and GUI

22MEI code is displayed alongside a pane with rendered music notation (cf. figure 1). The music notation itself is part of the GUI as the SVG elements are clickable here. Moreover, most of them are mapped to the MEI elements in the text pane. For instance, clicking a note in the notation pane immediately shows the respective MEI element in the editor pane. This also works vice versa; however, if the focused MEI element is out of range of the currently rendered page, the page has to be flipped manually.

23 The rendering pane provides a toolbar which is divided into the following sections (cf. figure 2): 1) Zoom and “invert colors of notation”, 2) page navigation, 3) system/page break behavior and “speed mode”, 4) update behavior (when re-rendering should be performed), 5) font selection, 6) navigation through the MEI elements, 7) “regenerate encoding through Verovio”, info for current Verovio version and toggle button for overview of keyboard shortcuts. The toolbar is not customizable. A reason for customization could be that some functions would not be used very often and can be hidden, for example the “invert colors of notation”. Somewhat irritating is the “speed mode” checkbox as it is unchecked and cannot be checked by default. However, the documentation explains that the checkbox depends on the notation break option. Otherwise, the toolbar is well structured and in line with common visual patterns including tooltips.

24 Most user interaction happens in the music notation itself. As mentioned in the Methodology section, users can select one or more graphical elements by clicking them and applying a command. The overview of the keybindings (cf. figure 3) can be toggled with the notation pane. The list is arranged in semantically cohesive sections and provided with a verbose description. Some effort was made to find semantically appropriate shortcuts where possible. For instance, the keybinding for inserting a slur is ‘s’, for inserting an arpeggio, an ‘a’ is used. No search function is available within this help pane. Alternatively, the keybindings can be viewed in the local package description page³⁴. The commands can also be called using the command palette³⁵ or from the toolbar³⁶.

Conclusion and outlook

25Mei‑friend can be very useful for “polishing” MEI encodings after conversion from other formats but is currently not aimed to be a full-fledged MEI editor. Display of MEI files is implemented in a user-friendly and efficient way. Speed mode – another innovation by the developers of mei‑friend – significantly improves the performance of the tool. Various code editing functionalities are implemented, mainly utilizing manipulation of ControlEvents and a few attributes. The tool is currently being redeveloped and extended as a web-browser application in the context of the project Signature Sound Vienna.